Soda Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soft drink Tax - Essay Example Truth be told, a ten-year research carried on people with an ordinary admission of diet soft drink uncovered a 70% (Picca 35) increment on their waistline in contrast with people with a zero resistance to soft drink consumption. I that accept soft drink charge serves a powerful proportion of sparing the oblivious American populace, who choose not to see critical wellbeing confusions for consistent soft drink admission. An expense charge on delicate drinks will have a significant decrease of ailments, for example, diabetes related with undesirable way of life. Beside weight, general wellbeing authorities likewise feature extra medical advantages of a potential soft drink assessment, for example, improved dental cleanliness. Over the most recent 50 years, soda pop utilization has expanded by challenging 500% (Brill 46). Strangely sodas like soft drink comprise of monstrous calories yet with zero dietary benefit. Indeed, even with such alarming insights soda pops utilization make up 7% percent of vitality utilization in grown-ups and with a bigger rate announced in youngsters and teenagers (Brill 47). An assessment charge on soft drink would result into an utilization decrease. General wellbeing authorities note that a shopper decrease in soft drink admission would diminish heftiness cases across the nation, consequently huge advance towards the battle against ailments, for example, diabetes. The increasing expense of pop, would decrease purchaser consumption, and therefore diminish weight addition of around 90 % of the American populace (Picca 36). An exploration completed by the National Health and Nutrition Examination overview in 2010 uncovered that surely states with higher duties on soft drink recorded the most reduced customer utilization on soda pops (Picca 37). People in such states went to sound beverages, for example, milk and normal juice for calories utilization. Following the achievement of tax assessment on tobacco and tobacco items, that prompted a connotation decrease of wellbeing intricacy related with ordinary nicotine consumption (Picca 37). Tax collection on soft drink would have similar ramifications on wellbeing

Technology Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation Management - Research Paper Example A lot of computerization and forceful methodology can harm the presentation of the association when the choices don't bolster the corporate bearings. This forceful computerization can open the association to a few unmanaged hazard factors because of the absence of successful information about the decent methodology. Momentary reasoning and absence of ability can harm the business activity the board of the association. This report will decide the primary concern effect of unmanaged innovation on the business execution of the associations. Investigation It is talked about before that an excessive amount of computerization can influence the business activity of an enterprise. As far as mechanical liquid removal and use, rundown of poor liquid support rehearses joined with a few in sufficient liquid decision can result loss of generosity and critical operational expense. Nonetheless, deficient cost the executives because of the absence of powerful information can dissolve the primary con cern on the regular schedule that can affect the drawn out feasibility and intensity of a few procedures and operational offices (Hunt and Weintraub, 2007). The enterprises are presenting themselves to exorbitant business activity cost and unmanaged chances because of seven key reasons. These reasons are examined beneath. Poor Process Control Majority of the hierarchical offices use more liquid than are required. It opens the enterprises to basic dangers because of absence of foundation of powerful and control system for all the liquid applications. Nonetheless, this liquid condition can be changed significantly. A powerful and explicit control plan should be embraced by the association the executives. A viable administration program can upgrade the critical procedure control that is significant for the profitability and cost control. In a few cases, the worthy scope of the liquid condition can be reached out as it may not bring about the liquid related occasions. A severe and firml y the executives control plan can dispense with unnecessary utilization of liquids. Choices dependent on information versus Emotions Every maker realizes that, investigative information is very significant while tending to a specific assembling issue, reacting to a particular quality concern or creating plan for the following stage. The facts demonstrate that, the greater part of the offices are compelling at gathering quality, monetary and creation related information, however liquid examination information is once in a while gathered, connected, aggregated and deciphered because of the particular specific nature of the translation (Haneberg, 2012). Liquid administration for the most part tends to non-center skill in a specific assembling condition. Significant quality of this liquid administration is non-center core interest. A few associations consider that the liquid condition can viably affect assembling, quality and accessibility, however significant essentialness of this view points to drive day by day dynamic procedure. It is the restorative activity executed on regular schedule dependent on the data and information that bring about hazard the board and cost minimization. Reluctance to change Management chance and direct expenses are related with the item change. This connection is very critical. Because of this, the association wavers to execute item change the executives procedure on the floor of a few assembling plants. As of late, the item sellers are making different basic cases about the importance and advantages of most noteworthy and present day created

Evaluation of Government’s Policy Challenges

Question: Talk about the job governments strategy in controlling the financial parity of a country. Answer: Presentation Governments Policy assumes a significant job in controlling the monetary equalization of a country. It is a significant monetary instrument for keeping up dependability in the money related and cultural development of a nation. It is critical to take note of that there are a few arrangements executed by the administration which has negative effect on the monetary development of the nation. As it were, each approach has its own bit of leeway and disservices (Snedden, 2010). Henceforth, it is significant for the Commonwealth specialists to assess the effect of an approach before actualizing them for the government assistance of the country. In this area, the investigation primarily centers around assessing two distinct approaches of the Commonwealth Government and watches its impact on the financial situation of Australia. Besides, the paper will talk about the two parts of the strategies as far as their positive effects just as negative effects on suggest the reasonable estimates that can be taken by the Commonwealth government to keep up legitimate parity in the economy. Right off the bat, the conversation is made on the motivators gave by the administration by lessening the organization and personal expense rates, with regards to an enormous spending shortfall in the nation. The subsequent conversation is made on bringing down the loan cost to advance monetary exercises, while directing the lodging value development to improve lodging moderateness. These two significant arrangement changes of the administration will be examined and assessed to pass judgment on the achievement pace of the guideline and strategy changes. Alongside that, the conversation will give appropriate proof to help the support utilizing hypotheses and contentions of different market analysts. Effect of decrease in organization and annual duty with regards to an enormous spending shortfall The innovative work charge impetuses persuade and urge business visionaries to advance their business exercises and development that benefits the economy by expanding the profitability of the country. By giving expense counterbalances to qualified advancement and innovation improvement, the legislature of Australia underpins the development of organizations in the nation. It further improves the pay level and GDP of the nation. Motivating force for advancement and improvement through assessment decrease prompts feasible development of business in the economy. The decrease in the assessment rates prompts increment in the administration spending (Walker, 2012). Subsequently, there is a need to think about the expense of advancing advancement and development of business in Australia before executing this arrangement for the government assistance of the economy. Thus, it is significant for the legislature of Australia to considering the spending and spending shortages before utilizing th is strategy for the improvement of the economy. It very well may be seen through investigation that the Australia Economy has been confronting a spending shortage since 2009. The principle explanation behind the spending shortage is the budgetary downturn in the worldwide economy. The worldwide budgetary emergency in the year 2007 and 2008 prompted the monetary destruction in Australia that prompted decline in trade and other remote earnings. Besides, the effect of the financial downturn was felt over the Commonwealth spending plan in the year 2009 that proceeded till today (Kuhn, 2007). The spending shortage figure in the Australian economy has been given the assistance of a chart given underneath: Figure: Australia Government Budget Source: (Tradingeconomics.com, 2016) It very well may be seen through the above figure that the Australian Government Budget shortage started in the year 2009 with - 2.2 percent that expanded to around - 4.2 percent in the year 2010. In the earlier year, the Australian government confronted a spending shortfall of - 2.4 percent (Tradingeconomics.com, 2016). Subsequently, it tends to be comprehended that the administration of Australia needs to actualize fundamental techniques to beat the spending shortfalls and keep up a financial equalization. So as to keep up a financial adjust and conquer the shortfall in the legislatures spending plan there are a few procedures that can be utilized by the higher specialists. The techniques are examined in this beneath: Increment Tax: The first and the premier requirement for the Australian government are to expand the duty rate to decrease the shortfall in the spending plan. Moreover, to have a positive financial plan, increment in the duty rate can be useful for the administration (Suter, 2009). Cut government spending: Government spending ought to be sliced to defeat the deficiency in the financial plan. The administration of Australia needs to decrease the auxiliaries permitted by the legislature to the average folks to have a superior parity in the financial plan. Advance financial development: Promoting monetary development can be useful in expanding the administrations profit and conquer the shortage in the spending plan. Presently, considering the instance of motivating forces for advancement and improvement by lessening organization and personal expense can have unfriendly effect on the spending plan of the nation. In spite of the fact that this arrangement advances development of advancement through a maintainable way, the expanded impetuses may prompt increment in the administration spending (Walker, 2010). Alongside that, the decrease in the organization and annual expense prompts fall in the pay of the legislature. Thus, in a circumstance of shortfall in the administration spending plan, this kind of arrangement that prompts further antagonistic circumstance for the economy. Thus, it tends to be said that a strategy actualized by the legislature can have negative effect on the development of the economy. Bringing down loan costs while directing lodging value development Financing costs assume a functioning job in controlling the measure of cash acquired in the market. It is the main factor that controls the credit sum in the market just as the sum kept in the bank. For instance, the lower the financing cost, the more measure of cash will be obtained from banks while the higher the financing costs, the lower will advance sum in the market (RBA, 2016). An outline has been introduced beneath for better understanding: Figure: Effect of financing cost Source: (Levy, 2008) It very well may be seen from the above graph that bringing down the financing costs will diminishes the reserve funds and increment the new credit sums and advance reimbursement ability of the borrowers. Moreover, it will advance monetary movement in the country. Presently, directing the lodging costs will prompt expanded speculation on land and increment the reasonableness of the individuals. This is on the grounds that individuals of Australia will handily get cash on lower premium that will build the interest of land property in the market. Presently, proceeding with the arrangement for a more extended period will have some negative effect on the economy (Runcie, 2014). For instance, the expanded interest for the lodging properties will prompt shortage of gracefully of genuine bequests in the market. Alongside that, the higher the measure of advance taken from the market, the more troublesome it will to recuperate the sum from the market. In the event that we take a model, it very well may be seen that the principle purpose behind the worldwide monetary emergency in the year 2008 was the lessening in the loan fees that prompted high measure of getting in the market. It tends to be evaluated that the popularity in the lodging market with constrained flexibly will prompt increment in the cost in the lodging business after a specific purpose of time. A lower loan cost will prompt increment in the administration spending and abatement in the administration reserves (Keddie and Smith, 2009). Thus, if the approach continues proceeding for a more drawn out period, it will prompt monetary emergency in the Australian market that we have just looked in the worldwide economy in the year 2008. Consequently, it very well may be seen that the strategy has certain negative effects whenever proceeded for a more drawn out period. End Toward the finish of the conversation area, the setting of the macroeconomics strategies must be distinguished to forestall any questionable and bothersome outcomes to the economy. For a developing economy, development must be perceived as one of the crucial monetary presentation markers. Simultaneously, spending shortfall can assume an unfavorable job in any economy maintainability. In this manner, so as to countervail antagonistic powers, compelling arrangements and practices can be advanced with the goal that the results of the approaches can work for monetary turn of events. In setting to the main circumstance, if the organization assessment and annual expense have been decreased from the typical gauges to advance mechanical development and development, it will make a negative effect on the administration financial plan. Perpetually, decrease in personal expense and friends assessment can restrain the salary of the legislature. Because of the results, the administration can confr ont a critical spending shortage that can make an unfavorable effect on economys progress. Then again, bringing down loan costs can be instrumental for financial development point of view. By diminishing the paces of intrigue, the administration can assist with animating monetary action. Aside from that, directing value development of lodging industry can successfully improve the economy condition as the house costs will be progressively reasonable to the social individuals. Yet, proceeding with the subsequent strategy can prompt a budgetary emergency in the Australian market. Subsequently, it is significant for the administration to break down and judge the effects of monetary arrangements to stay away from negative outcomes. References Executive, A. (2011). The Prosperity of Australia: An Economic Analysis Frederick C. Benham.Journal of Political Economy, 39(5), pp.676-678. Dixon, R. also, Thomson, J. (2010). Developments after some time in the Unemployment Rate in Australia.The Australian Economic Review, 33(3), pp.286-297. Hardaker, J., Fleming, E. also, Lien, G. (2009). In what capacity Should Governments Make Risky Policy Decisions?.Australian Journal of Public Administration, 68(3), pp.256-271. Head, B. also, Ryan, N. (2014). Could Co-administration Work? Provincial Natural Resource Management in Queensland, Australia.Society and Economy, 26(2), pp.361-382. In

Special Friendship Essay Research Paper I walked free essay sample

Specific Friendship Essay, Research Paper I strolled place from school, moving an overwhelming weight of books on my stinging shoulders. Each measure I took was went with a desire that I was at that point at place, laying on my comfortable bed. I strolled on, my eyes stuck on the consumed dark course. As I hauled my pes along, I could see little bits of dried pitch turn overing on the unsmooth surface. After creation my doorsill, I hurled a substantial suspiration of ease and pleasance. Finally, I have arrived at my since quite a while ago held up finish ; place. My reddish, gluey thenar connected for the doorhandle. I was roughly to put pes onto the chilly glossy tiles when I heard a delicate whimper digging out from a deficit me. At the point when I went to search for the start of the sound, I felt something rage coppice past my mortise joint. Looking down at the fury thing, I was attached to the land. We will compose a custom article test on Extraordinary Friendship Essay Research Paper I strolled or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Directly at that place, glancing back at me, was a lovely dark kitty. I could non accept my eyes. Before I could even accept of what to make straightaway, the kitty ran into the kitchen. At that point, I heard my male parent blast in torment. I was given a 10 proceedingss address. In spite of the fact that I clarified that the little cat went into the house when I came place, my male parent resolutely accompanied the choice that I purposefully let it in. After the talk, I was requested to toss the kitty out of the house. Hesitantly, I carried it to a hotel zone close my home. I had brought along a Sn of pilchards, which I took without anyone? s cognizance. I gave the kitty the pilchards and watched it eat up it. I stroked the delicate, smooth fierceness creature and said farewell, go forthing it behind. Shockingly, the kitty ever hangs tight for me at my doorsill when I come back from school. It did non travel into my home yet then again stood by quietly for me to adjust into my insouciant clothes before passing on it to the retreat region with a Sn of feline supplement that has cost a one-fourth of my school disbursals. This continued for the accompanying two hebdomads, and the accompanying and the accompanying. The kitty has so become my companion, a specific companion. Now and then, when I am genuinely pressurized with my school task, I will kick to the kitty. People groups may trust I am crazy or simply clearly moronic. In any case, I figure I made the best choice. This is on the grounds that by making so I can truly encounter the power per unit zone inside me go forthing, everytime I whined to the kitty. Besides, the kitty appears to get me. It would cream my guardianships thus energetically seize with teeth my fingers. It resembled expressing me to encourage up. This specific cordial relationship went on. The kitty is currently a stout, solid feline. I do non see it ordinary however I will neer cover to go forward supplement for it at my doorsill. This specific amicable relationship is so an encounter I am genuinely glad for.

Attend an event at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Attend an event at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I believe you can learn a lot about a school by visiting it wander around campus, visit a class and speak to our students.     You may feel the same energy and excitement that I experience every day here as you walk across campus and enter the SIPA building.   There always seems to be something happening here! Aside from classes and SIPASA activities, as a SIPA student you also have the opportunity to attend several thought-provoking SIPA events on campus each week, ranging from general information sessions on internships, panel forum on police reform, lecture on energy,   a film screening and commentary on conflict resolution .   This weeks feature event is on Thursday, December 1, 2011; 12:00 pm 1:00 pm: The U.S. and Global Growth Challenges a lecture with Lawrence H. Summers, Charles W. Eliot University Professor of Harvard University. Register. If you are interested in learning more about SIPA, our programs and how to apply, you can attend one of our information sessions on campus.   They are held weekly on Monday evenings and Friday afternoons, excluding holidays.   If you are interested in visiting us, please contact our office at 212.854.6216 or at sipa_admission@columbia.edu. Hope to see you around!

Dividend And Retention Policies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Tata Steel Ltd is the worlds 10th largest steel company and the worlds 2nd most geographically diversified steel producer. The company is a diversified steel producer with major operations in India, Europe and South East Asia. They have manufacturing units in 26 countries and a presence in 50 European and Asian markets. The company together with their subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sale of steel products in India and internationally. They offer hot and cold rolled coils and sheets, galvanized sheets, tubes, wire rods, construction rebars and bearings. The company also involves in prospecting, discovering, and mining iron ore, coal, ferro alloys, and other minerals; designing and manufacturing plants and equipment for steel, oil and natural gas, energy and power, mining, railways, ports, aviation, and space industries; and agricultural implements. Further, they offers alumina, dolomite, and monolithic refractories, as well as silica refractories for coke ovens and the glass industry; manufactures bricks; sponge iron lumps and fines; and rolls for applications in integrated steel plants, power plants, and government mint, as well as paper, textile, and food processing sectors. Tata Steels operations are grouped under six Strategic Business Units include Bearings Division, Ferro Alloys an d Minerals Division, Agrico Division, Tata Growth Shop (TGS), Tubes Division and Wire Division. They have introduced several branded steel products, including Tata Steelium (the worlds first branded Cold Rolled Steel), Tata Shaktee (Galvanised Corrugated Sheets), Tata Tiscon (rebars), Tata Pipes, Tata Bearings, Tata Structural, Tata Agrico (hand tools and implements) and Tata Wiron (galvanised wire products). Tata Steel Ltd was incorporated in the year 1907 with the name Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd. In the year 1911, the company commenced the operations of the first Blast Furnace or the A Blast Furnace. In December 2, 1911, the fist collieries were obtained and the first cast of pig iron was produced. In they ear 1912, the first ingot of steel rolled out of the Sakchi Plant and in October 1912, the Bar Mills started their commercial production. Also, the B Blast Furnace became operational during the year. In the year 1918, Indias first steel (coke) plant was established in Jamshedp ur. In the year 1925, the New Rail Mill, Merchant Mill and Sheet Mill went into operation. In the year 1931, they opened a apprentice shop. In the year 1941, they started manufacture of special steel for war purpose. They produced a wide variety of special steels required for defense purposes including armoured cars called Tatanagars. In the year 1943, Howrah Bridge was constructed from steel supplied by the company. In the year 1955, the company signed an agreement with Kaiser Engineers for two million tonne expansion programme. In the year 1980, they started the first phase of the four-phased modernisation programme. In the year 1984, the company introduced BOF steelmaking, which could produce liquid steel in forty five minutes when it took the old open hearth furnaces, close to five hundred under the first phase of modernisation. During the year 1984-85, Indian Tubes Company Ltd was amalgamated with the company. The second phase of modernisation was in the year 1988, which concen trated largely on the iron-making area. During the year 1993-94, the company commissioned the Hot Strip Mill with the capacity of one million tonne per annum which was the companys third modernisation programme. In the year 2000, the company inaugurated the 1.2 million tonnes Cold Rolling Mill Complex as a first step towards expansion and modernisation. In January 2, 2004, The Indian Steel Wire Products Company was acquired at Jamshedpur. In June 4, 2005, the company signed an MoU for setting up a five-million tonne per annum Greenfield integrated steel plant in the Jagdalpur district of Chhattisgarh. In July 2005, they formed a joint venture with Blue Scope Steel Ltd, Australia for quoted steel manufacturing facility. In July 21, 2005, the company acquired stakes in the Australian coal mines. In August 2005, the company set up Met coke manufacturing facility in West Bengal. In September 19, 2005, the company signed an MoU with the Government of Jharkhand for setting up a 12-million tonnes per annum Greenfield integrated steel plant in the Manoharpur and Chandil areas of Jharkhand. In December 14, 2005, they signed definite agreement with Cementhai Holding Company to acquire shares and invest equity in the Milennium Steel, Thailand. Also, the name of the company was changed from Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd to Tata Steel Ltd with effect from May 19, 2005. In the year 2006, the company inaugurated Indias first automated Jigging and Hydrocyclone Plant, with a 1.6 MTPA throughput, at Noamundi Iron Mines. They commenced the work on Ferro Chrome Plant by acquiring Rawnet Ferrous Industries Pvt Ltd, in Orissa, a Ferro Alloys plant with a capacity of 50,000 tpa of high carbon chrome. They set up a Joint Venture Company with Larsen and Toubro Ltd for developing an all weather modern deep water port in the state of Orissa on the Eastern Coast of India. Tata NYK Shipping Pte Ltd, a joint venture shipping company between the company and Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha was set up to cater to dry and break bulk cargo and also the shipping activities. In August 7, 2006, the company inaugurated the Roll Forming and Pre-Engineered Building Facilities of Tata Bluescope Ltd at Pune. In April 2, 2007, the company acquired Corus Europes second largest steel producer for consideration of USD 12 Billion, which made Tata Steel the sixth largest steel producer globally and the second-most geographically diversified steel producer in the world. They also entered into an agreement for acquiring controlling equity stake in two rolling mills located in Haiphorg, Vietnam. Also, they signed a joint venture agreement with Riversdale Mining for Mozambique coal project. In December 2007, the company and SODEMI (state owned company for mineral development) entered into joint venture agreement for the development of Mount Nimba Iron ore deposits in Ivory Coast (West Africa). In January 2008, the company and the members of the Al Bahja Group, a leading business house of Oman entered into a Joint Venture Agreement for the development of the Uyun Limestone deposits at Salalah in the Sultanate of Oman. Also, they entered an agreement with Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) to establish a 50:50 joint venture company for coal mining in India. In February 2008, they opened their fourth retail outlet, steeljunction at Behala. During the year 2008-09, the company completed the expansion of crude steel capacity to 6.8 mtpa as part of their expansion programme. Also, they commissioned Sinter Plant No. 4, the H Blast Furnace and the Continuous Caster No. 3 at LD Shop-1 during this expansion phase. In June 16, 2008, the company and their wholly owned subsidiary, Rawmet Ferrous Industries Ltd entered into an agreement with Jasper Industries Pvt Ltd for set up a coal based power plant of 2 X 67.5 MW capacity in Orissa. In September 2008, the company through their subsidiaries signed a Heads of Agreement memorandum with New Millennium Capital Corporation (NML), a Ca nadian listed mining company aiming to develop iron ore projects in Northern Quebec, Labrador and Newfoundland provinces. As part of the restructuring of the overseas holdings, the company transferred their stake in Tata Steel (Thailand) Public Company Ltd to Tata Steel Global Holdings Pte Ltd. The company subscribed 35,88,022 rights shares of Tayo Rolls Ltd and consequently, Tayo Rolls Ltd has become a subsidiary of the Company with effect from December 01, 2008. In October 22, 2009, the company and Mineral and Metal Trading Company Ltd signed an agreement to establish a 74:26 joint venture company for acquiring, development and operation of mines and processing of minerals and metals. During the financial year 2009-10, Hooghly Met Coke and Power Company Ltd was amalgamated with the company with effect from April 1, 2009. The construction of a warehousing shed and a building for a power receiving sub-station had started at one corner of the plant area. They increased the production capacity of Crude Steel from 61,10,000 tonnes to 68,00,000 tonnes, Saleable Steel from 58,40,000 tonnes to 65,00,000 tonnes and Welded Steel Tubes from 2,84,000 tonnes to 2,88,000 tonnes. In October 2009, the company entered into agreement with MMTC Limited, a Central Government undertaking and established a joint venture company for acquiring, developing and operating mines and processing of minerals and metals. In November 2009, they signed a Joint Venture Agreement with NML, to advance the development of the DSO Project. In January 2010, the company entered into an MoU with NMDC Ltd, to explore the possibility of acquisition, exploration and development of mines, extraction and processing of minerals, setting up integrated steel plants and other businesses of mutual interest. In April 6, 2010, the company entered in an MoU with Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC), Japan for setting up a Continuous Annealing and Processing Line at Jamshedpur, India with 0.6 mtpa capacity. In June 2010 , the company subscribed to a private placement of Canadian $20 million by NML pursuant to which Tata Steel Global Minerals Holding Pte Ltd holds a 27.4% stake in NML. In June 2010, the company and Tata Metaliks Ltd entered into an MoU with the Government of Karnataka in June 2010 for setting up an integrated steel plant of 3 mtpa in Agadi and Boodagatti villages of Haveri District, Karnataka. In August 2010, the companys subsidiary Corus UK Ltd and Sahaviriya Steel Industries Public Company Ltd (SSI) signed an MOU which sets out the scope of a potential transaction whereby SSI would acquire from Corus the Teesside Cast Products (TCP) business in a transaction valued at approximately USD 500 million. Tinplate Company of India Ltd became a subsidiary of the company with effect from April 01, 2011, consequent to increase in the companys shareholding in the Tinplate Company of India Ltd from 42.88% to 59.45%. This increase is due to automatic and compulsory conversion of 3% fully conve rtible debentures of Rs 100 each held by the company into equity shares on April 01, 2011. In April 2011, the company and Krosaki Harima Corporation (KHC) signed definitive agreements to induct KHC as a strategic partner in Tata Refractories Ltd (TRL). Under this arrangement, KHC will acquire 51% equity stake out of TSLs current 77.46% stake in TRL. As per the scheme of amalgamation, Centennial Steel Company Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary company was amalgamated with the Company with effect from September 27, 2011. In January 2012, the company secured a contract from Siemens Wind Power to supply 25,000 tones of profiled steel plate for wind towers. Tata Steel will deliver 25,000 tones of profiled plate (cut into the desired shape) between April and September 2012. The company is implementing an expansion project at Jamshedpur Works to increase its crude steel capacity from 6.8 million tonnes per annum to 9.7 million tonnes per annum. The facilities under this project are scheduled t o be completed in FY 2011-12. Simultaneously, the Company is implementing a few other major capital schemes at Jamshedpur which include Coke Plant Battery No. 11, Coke Dry Quenching at Coke Ovens Batteries 5, 6 7 and a new mill for producing Full Hard Cold Rolled (FHCR) coils. The company is also setting up a Continuous Annealing and Processing Line at Jamshedpur with a capacity of 0.6 mtpa under a joint venture company with Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC), Japan. The line will produce automotive cold rolled fl at products and address the needs of Indian automotive customers for highgrade cold rolled steel sheets. The preliminary work on the 6 mtpa greenfield steel plant at Kalinganagar, Odisha is in progress. DIVIDEND AND RETENTION POLICY OF Tata Steel Ltd. The firms dividend decision has in the last ten to fifteen years received considerable attention from financial analysts and academics.Divergent views have been expressed and it is understood that the controversy has not been resolved,although the lack of new authorship on the subject in resent times may lead one to conclude that tha debate is deadlocked. A dividend is a payment made by a company to its shareholders. A company can retain its profit for the purpose of re-investment in the business operations (known as retained earnings), or it can distribute the profit among its shareholders in the form of dividends. A dividend is not regarded as an expenditure; rather, it is considered a distribution of assets among shareholders. The majority of companies keep a component of their profits as retained earnings and distribute the rest as dividend. The different types of dividends include: Special dividend: Normally, public companies declare their dividends on a specific schedule; however, they also have the option to declare a dividend at any time. This type of dividend is referred to as a special dividend. Cash Dividends Firms distribute as cash dividends a certain percentage of annual earnings in payout rates. Ordnance The date of declaration It is the date a resolution to pay cash dividends to stockholders of record on a specific future date is approved by the board of directors. At that date the firm incurs a liability prompting the recognition of a short-term debt-Dividends Payable and the debit to either Retained Earnings or Cash Dividend Declared. The ex-dividend date It is the date the stock stops selling with dividends attached. The period between the date of declaration and the ex-dividend date is used by the firm to update its stockholders ledger. The date of record It is the date at which the stockholders figuring in the stockholders ledger are entitled to the cash dividend. No entry is required. The date of payment It is the date at which the firm distributes the dividend checks and eliminates the dividend payable as a liability. Property Dividends Firms may elect to declare a property dividend that is payable in nonmonetary assets rather than declaring a cash dividend. Because a property dividend can be classified as a non-reciprocal nonmonetary transfer to owners, the property distributed is restated at fair market value at the date of declaration and a gain or loss is recognized. Stock dividend: Given in the form of bonus shares or stocks of the issuing company or a subsidiary company. Normally, they are offered on the basis of a prorata allotment (1) Regular Dividend. By dividend we mean regular dividend paid annually, proposed by the board of directors and approved by the shareholders in general meeting. It is also known as final dividend because it is usually paid after the finalization of accounts. It sis generally paid in cash as a percentage of paid up capital, say 10 % or 15 % of the capital. Sometimes, it is paid per share. No dividend is paid on calls in advance or calls in arrears. The company is, however, authorised to make provisions in the Articles prohibiting the payment of dividend on shares having calls in arrears. (2) Interim Dividend. If Articles so permit, the directors may decide to pay dividend at any time between the two Annual General Meeting before finalizing the accounts. It is generally declared and paid when company has earned heavy profits or abnormal profits during the year and directors which to pay the profits to shareholders. Such payment of dividend in between the two Annual General meetings before finalizing the accounts is called Interim Dividend. No Interim Dividend can be declared or paid unless depreciation for the full year (not proportionately) has been provided for. It is, thus,, an extra dividend paid during the year requiring no need of approval of the Annual General Meeting. It is paid in cash. (3) Stock-Dividend: Companies, not having good cash position, generally pay dividend in the form of shares by capitalizing the profits of current year and of past years. Such shares are issued instead of paying dividend in cash and called Bonus Shares. Basically there is no change in the equity of shareholders. Certain guidelines have been used by the company Law Board in respect of Bonus Shares. (4) Scrip Dividend. Scrip dividends are used when earnings justify a dividend, but the cash position of the company is temporarily weak. So, shareholders are issued shares and debentures of other companies. Such payment of dividend is called Scrip Dividend. Shareholders generally do not like such dividend because the shares or debentures, so paid are worthless for the shareholders as directors would use only such investment is which were not . Such dividend was allowed before passing of the Companies (Amendment) Act 1960, but thereafter this unhealthy practice was stopped. (5) Bond Dividends. In rare instances, dividends are paid in the form of debentures or bounds or notes for a long-term period. The effect of such dividend is the same as that of paying dividend in scrips. The shareholders become the secured creditors is the bonds has a lien on assets(6) Property Dividend. Sometimes, dividend is paid in the form of asset instead of payment of dividend in cash. The distribution of dividend is made whenever the asset is no longer required in the business such as investment or stock of finished good sods. But, it is, however, important to note that in India, distribution of dividend is permissible in the form of cash or bonus shares only. Distribution of dividend in any other form is not allowed. Factors affecting divided decision or determinants of divided decision The financial management has to take a decision regarding the distribution of dividend. These are two possible ways of dealing with the distribution of profit. The profit should either be retained in the business or distributed to the shareholders. Retained profit plays an important role in the future growth and expansion of the enterprise, because these are internal sources of financing and do not involve floatation costs and legal formalities. As such the company will adopt the policy of residual or passive (lesser) distribution, so far it can profitably invest its retained earnings as a source of internal financing. The term residual distribution here means the declaration of dividend out of the profit remaining left after internal financing of the company. The dividend may be declared as higher rates if the intention of the company is to increase the value of shares. The dividend decision is also affected by the preference of shareholders. Let us now discuss the factors determining divided decisions: (1)Financial requirement of the company: If the company has profitable investment opportunities in the enterprise itself it will declare divided at lower rates. Meeting long-term financial requirement out of its own resources is always in the interest of the company, because it is cheaper due to absence of floatation costs and legal formalities. Higher divided will declared by the companies having few long-term investment opportunities. (2)Availability of funds: The liquidity of a company or availability of cash resources is prime consideration in divided decision. The greater the liquidity of a company, the greater is its ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of the company is strongly influenced by the firms investment and financing decisions. The investment decision determines the rate of asset expansion and the firms need for funds and the financing decision determines the way in which this need will be financed. (3)Stability of dividends: It is always in the interest of the company, investors and shareholders to follow the policy of stable dividend, because it resolves the uncertainty in the mind of investors and satisfies their for current income. Financial institution also like companies, declaring dividend regularly at stable rates. No company would like to ignore investment by financial institutions. In these circumstances the company may adopt one of the three following policies: A.Constant dividend per share or constant dividend rate:- According to this policy dividend is declared at constant rate every year. The rate may be increased if new level of profit is earned. B.Constant pay out ratio:- Dividend at fixed percentage of earning is paid every year. As earnings go on fluctuating every year, so the dividend also fluctuates. C.Constant dividend per share plus extra dividend :-Under the policy, minimum dividend per share is fixed. In case of extra earnings, extra dividend may be declared. Investors are kept satisfied with the supplementary dividend. Extra dividend may be taken as interior (4)Preferences of shareholders:- Shareholders are owners of the company, so their preferences must be given due consideration. Small, retired and salaried people prefer regular income. They are interested in stable and regular dividend. Wealthy investors are interested in capital gain. They are prepared to forego their current income over the expected higher income. (5)Capital market consideration:- Companies can raise their additional funds either by issue of shares or by retaining their profit. If the capital market is favorable the company will raise funds by issue of shares and declare dividends at higher rates. In case the capital market is unfavorable, the company will go in for retained earnings and declare dividends at lower rates. (6)Legal restrictions:- The companies act has laid down certain restrictions regarding payment of dividend. The company can use its current profits or past profits after providing for depreciation for the payment of dividend. The company cannot pay dividend out of its paid up capital. Company will have to satisfy itself, whether it has sufficient cash to make payment of dividends. The company is future required to make payment of interest before dividends are paid. (7)Information value:- The company should be aware of the possible impact of dividend decision on valuation of its shares. Most companies look at the dividend pay out ratios of other companies in the industry, particularly those having about the same growth. Investors expectation also plays an important role in dividend decision. If investors expectation is for high dividend pay out then company should take that into account while making a dividend decision. On the other hand, if investor expects a high market value of shares then company may decide for low dividend payout for future expansion plans. (8)Borrowing capability:- The borrowing capability of a firm affects dividend decision in the sense that high dividend payout is possible with greater borrowing capability and vice-versa. This ability to borrow can be in the form of credit or a revolving credit from the bank or simply the informal willingness of a financial institution to extend credit. The large and more established a company; the better is its access to capital markets. Issue for bonus shares:- Sometimes the company can also issue bonus shares, known as stock dividend in place of making payment of dividend in cash, It increases the number of shares and the capital base of the company, it keeps investors happy, The issues of bonus shares is an integral part of dividend policy. Dividend s Declared Announcement Date Effective Date Dividend Type Dividend (%) Remarks 18/05/2012 16/07/2012 Final 120% 26/05/2011 04/07/2011 Final 120% 27/05/2010 12/07/2010 Final 80% 25/06/2009 06/07/2009 Final 160% 26/06/2008 18/07/2008 Final 160% AGM 17/05/2007 08/06/2007 Final 155% 155% Dividend ( 130% for the year 2006-07 and special dividend of 25% on occasion of the Cenetenary year of the company.) 15/05/2006 26/05/2006 Final 130% AGM 19/05/2005 07/06/2005 Final 130% AGM 07/05/2004 08/06/2004 Final 100% AGM 08/05/2003 09/06/2003 Final 80% AGM 30/05/2002 28/06/2002 Final N.A.% Nil Final Dividend 02/04/2002 28/05/2002 Interim 40% 08/05/2001 Final 50% AGM 23/03/2000 Interim 40% 20/05/1999 Final 40% AGM Dividend 22/05/1998 Final 40% 23/05/1997 Final 45% Dividend Declared Dividend which was given to shareholder of Tata Steel Ltd. Directors have recommended a dividend of Rs. 7/- per Equity Share (last year Rs. 13/- per Equity Share on pre bonus share capital) for the financial year ended March 31, 2010, amounting to Rs. 2,430 crore (inclusive of tax of Rs. 346 crore) one of the highest ever payout by any private sector domestic company. The dividend will be paid to members whose names appear in the Register of Members as on May 11, 2010; in respect of shares held in dematerialised form, it will be paid to members whose names are furnished by National Securities Depository Limited and Central Depository Services (India) Limited as beneficial owners. The dividend payout for the year under review has been formulated in accordance with the Companys policy to pay sustainable dividend linked to long term performance, keeping in view the Companys need for capital for its growth plans and the intent to finance such plans through internal accruals to the maximum. Bonus share paid to Tata Steel Ltd. Announcement Date Bonus Ratio Record Date Ex-Bonus Date 07/06/2004 1 : 2 12/08/2004 11/08/2004 11/09/1987 2 : 5 11/09/1981 2 : 5 11/09/1967 2 : 5 11/09/1959 1 : 5 11/09/1954 1 : 1

Basic Info, History, Geography and Climate of Spain

Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the  Atlantic Ocean) and the  Mediterranean Sea. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, strong economy, and very high living standards. Fast Facts: Spain Official Name: Kingdom of SpainCapital: MadridPopulation: 49,331,076 (2018)Official Languages: Spanish nationwide; Catalan, Galician, Basque, Aranese regionallyCurrency: Euro (EUR)Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchyClimate: Temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coastTotal Area: 195,124 square miles (505,370 square kilometers)Highest Point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands at 12,198 feet (3,718 meters)  Lowest Point: Atlantic Ocean at 0 feet (0 meters) History of Spain The area of present-day Spain and the Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for thousands of years and some of the oldest archeological sites in Europe are located in Spain. In the ninth century BCE, the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Celts all entered the region but by the second century BCE, the Romans had settled there. Roman settlement in Spain lasted until the seventh century but many of their settlements were taken over by the Visigoths, who arrived in the fifth century. In 711, the North African Moors entered Spain and pushed the Visigoths to the north. The Moors remained in the area until 1492 despite several attempts to push them out. Present-day Spain was then unified by 1512, according to the U.S. Department of State. By the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in Europe because of wealth obtained from its exploration of North and South America. By the latter part of the century, however, it had been in several wars and its power declined. In the early 1800s, it was occupied by France and was involved in several wars, including the Spanish-American War (1898), throughout the 19th century. In addition, many of Spains overseas colonies revolted and gained their independence at this time. These problems led to a period of dictatorial rule in the country from 1923 to 1931. This time ended with the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931. Tensions and instability continued in Spain and in July 1936, the Spanish Civil War began. The civil war ended in 1939 and General Francisco Franco took over Spain. By the beginning of World War II, Spain was officially neutral but it supported Axis power policies; because of this, however, it was isolated by the Allies following the war. In 1953, Spain signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement with the United States and joined the United Nations in 1955. These international partnerships eventually allowed Spains economy to begin growing because it had been closed off from much of Europe and the world prior to that time. By the 1960s and 1970s, Spain had developed a modern economy and in the late 1970s, it began to transition to a more democratic government. Government of Spain Today, Spain is governed as a parliamentary monarchy with an executive branch made up of a chief of state (King Juan Carlos I) and a head of government (the president). Spain also has a bicameral legislative branch made up of the General Courts (made up of the Senate) and the Congress of Deputies. Spains judicial branch is composed of the Supreme Court, also called the Tribunal Supremo. The country is divided into 17 autonomous communities for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Spain Spain has a strong economy that is considered mixed capitalism. It is the 12th largest economy in the world and the country is known for its high standard of living and quality of life. The major industries of Spain are textiles and apparel, food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment. Agriculture is also important in many areas of Spain and the main products produced from that industry are grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, and fish. Tourism and the related service sector is also a major part of Spains economy. Geography and Climate of Spain Today, most of Spains area is located in southwestern Europe on the mainland of the country that is south of France and the Pyrenees Mountains and east of Portugal. However, it also has territory in Morocco, the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, islands off the coast of Morocco, as well as the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. All of this land area makes Spain the second largest country in Europe behind France. Most of the topography of Spain consists of flat plains that are surrounded by rugged, undeveloped hills. The northern part of the country, however, is dominated by the Pyrenees Mountains. The highest point in Spain is located in the Canary Islands on Pico de Teide at 12,198 feet (3,718 meters) above sea level. The climate of Spain is temperate with hot summers and cold winters inland and cloudy, cool summers and cool winters along the coast. Madrid, located inland in the center of Spain, has an average January low temperature of 37 degrees (3ËšC) and a July average high of 88 degrees (31ËšC). Sources Central Intelligence Agency.  CIA - The World Factbook - Spain.Infoplease.com. Spain: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.United States Department of State. Spain.